Flash-photography method and apparatus for use with motion-picture cameras



H. E. EDGERTON FLASH-PHOTOGRAPHY METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR USE Jan. 22 1946.

WITH MOTION-PICTURE GAMER AS 1940 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Oct. 1,

fieiti'ar. Hanan [DGERTO/V Jan. 22, 1946. H. E. EDGERTON 2,393,316

FLASH-PHOTOGRAPHY METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR USE WITH MOTION-PICTURE CAMERAS Filed Oct. 1, 1940 2 Sheets-Shoat 2 Mum/.22 ara-ram 52; MM flxw Patented Jan. 22, 1946 2,393,316 msu-rnorocmnr METHOD asp ar- OFFICE PABATUS FOR USE WITH MOTION-PIC- TURE CAMERAS Harold Eugene Edgerton, Belmont, Mass. v Application October 1, 1940, Serial No. 359,212

(01. aa-m) 25 Claims.

The present invention relates to electric methods, systems and apparatus. Though the invention has application also to other fields, it relates more particularly to methods, systems and apparatus designed for fiash photography, especially in motion-picture studios.

During the production of a motion-picture play, numerous still pictures are taken for use later in publicity and promotional work. In order that these still pictures may be of suitable quality for reproduction, it is necessary to employ a large camera. It is consequently requisite, in order to obtain the same depth, that its aperture be smaller than that of the motion-picture camera. Under the same light conditions, it follows that the exposure time for the still camera must be much longer than that for the motion-picture camera. An exposure time of a second or more is often used in studios at the present time. During that second or more, until the still picture has become fully exposed, the actors .must continue to hold their poses. Though the still pictures thus obtained may be without blur due to motion or action, they frequently have the appearance of posed shots.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method and a novel system and apparatus for taking short-exposure still pictures of the above-described character. The aperture of the still camera may be small enough to produce a photograph having adequate depth even with a large-size camera. The resulting scenes thus obtained portray the meaning without pose and,

furthermore, valuable time is saved, as it is not necessary to discontinue the filming of the pla during the taking of the still photograph.

Other and further objects will be described hereinafter and will be particularly pointed out in the appended claims. I

The invention will now be described more fully in connection with the accompanying drawings in which Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective of apparatus and circuits that may be used in carrying out the present invention; and Fig. 2 is a similar view containing also a circuit diagram that may be employed in practicing the invention, with parts omitted, for clearness.

A revolving, segmented shutter 4 of a motionpicture camera is directly connected by a shaft i to a segmental contactor 38 on a disc 5 mounted on the shaft. The shutter 4 is mechanically connected in the usual way, so as tooperate in synchronism with the film l, the latter being advanced while the shutter is closed. The contactor 38 engages contact-member brushes 32 during that part of the cycle of revolution of the shutter 4 when this shutter covers the lens 2 of the motion-picture camera. The contactor 3B andthe brushes l2 constitute a synchronising switch that is closed during part of the time that the shutter 4 is closed. A still-camera synchronizer, as will presently be explained, is connected in series with the brushes 82.

Light from an object I 3 to be photographed travels through th openings 6 in the shutter 4 and through the lens 2 to the motion-picture film I. The brushes 32 are connected in series with a normally open manually controlled pushbutton switch 9 and a condenser 59 to a normally ineffective amplifier Ill that is shown connected by conductors II to the still camera 14.

Although the hereinafter-described operation may be initiated without the amplifier ID, the amplifier is desired because the duration of the contact between the contactor 88 and the brushes 32 is very short. The amplifier should preferably be of the trigger type, for giving an output surge of constant energy regardless of the duration of the input signal. One type of satisfactory am; plifier I0 is illustrated in Fig. 2, comprising a gas-filled grid-controlled tube i 40. The trigger tube I40 may be a thyratron, as described in United States Letters Patent 2,181,879, issued December 5, 1939, or it may be of the type that is disclosed, for example, in Letters Patent 2,185,189, issued January 2, 1940, to Kenneth J. Germeshausen. It may comprise an evacuated glass envelope filled with a suitable gas, such as neon, and is shown provided with a plurality of electrodes, namely, a solid cathode 48, an anode or plate 52, and one or more grids, inner and outer grids being shown at 55 and 50, between the cathode 48 and the anode 52. In the circuit of the amplifier III. as illustrated in Fig. 2, the grids 50 and are shown connected together, to operate as a single grid. In two other circuits illustrated in Fig. 2, however, the grids 50 and 55, as will be explained more fully hereafter, operate as separate grids.

It is characteristic of such a tube that it is normally non-conducting. The grid It controls the starting of the arc discharge, but it has no effect upon the performance after the start.

As described in the said Letters Patent 2,185,189, the cathode 48 may comprise a metal cup containing a pill 55 constituted of a mixture 7 of materials that can react chemically to. produce a substance of relatively low work-function, such as caesium chloride and aluminum filings. The pill 56 is held in place by a wire-mesh screen 51. The source of the electrons is a bright cathode spot on the surface of the pill 56.

with a biasing battery 4|.

2 means The still camera i4 is provided with a normally closed shutter it, under the control of an electromagnetic trip it, comprising an armature 31 connected to the shutter It and an energizing coil 24 therefor. The coil 24' is connected by the conductors Ii in the output circuit of the tube I40, so as to receive an impulse when a condenser 2t discharges through this tube Ill. The condenser 20 normally stores energy from a battery or other source of energy 28, to which it is connected through a charging impedance II.

Normally'unenergized electric-flash-lamp reflector units ll are shown widely spaced in various parts of a room, at a substantial distance from one another, in order that they may be focussed upon the object it to be photographed with the aid of the camera l4. Each reflector unit I! is provided with a flash-tube or flashlamp in for providing an intense flash of light. A switch it on the shutter it of the camera i4 is connected through a power unit it to the flash tube ill! of one of the flash-lamp units II. The switch ll, as will hereinafter appear, is under the control of the push-button switch I and the contactor 88. As explained in a copending application, Serial No. 340,580, flied June 14, 1940, by Harold E. Edgerton, the flash-lamp may be in the form of a straight tube or of the coiled-tube type. It may contain krypton, argon, neon or any other suitable gas or mixture of gases.

It will be understood that as many reflectorlamp units ll as desired may be employed, as described in the said application, Serial No. 340,580. The power unit It may be of the same nature as is described in the said application, with the switch is connected between the control grid It and the anode 52 a tube Ill that is connected to one of the flash-lamp units l1. The other flash-lamp units Il may be termed photo-cell units, because they may be caused to flash synchronously, in response to the flashing of the said one flash-lamp unit l1, through the medium of respective photo-electric cells II, as also described in the said application.

The reflector units ll may each be provided also with a focussing lamp 4., for providing continuous light to facilitate lining up the reflector and focussing the camera l4 prior to operating the flash-lamp for producing the exposure. The lamp 40 may, for example, be one of the types of light sources that are usually employed fo illuminating the motion-picture scene. a

The switch ii, when closed, will flash the lamp unit I! to which it is connected at an instant when the shutter 4 of the motion-picture camera is closed, and the shutter ll of the still camera I4 is open: and the other flash-lamp units I! will flashin synchronism therewith, as described in the said application, Serial No. 340,580. If there should intervene some slight delay of the electromagnetic-shutter trip II, the contact brushes 32 or the contactor segment Il may be adjusted to compensate therefor.

In the circuit of the amplifier it, an impedance I4! is shown connected in the grid circuit, between the cathode 4t and the grid II, in series The grid bias II is adjusted to a suitable value for the particular type of tube used. The bias may, however, be obtained by the use of the conventional potential divider or resistor at an appropriate place in the circuit, as illustrated in the power unit it.

The type of trigger circuit is more fully described in the said Letters Patent 2,181,879.

when it is desired to take a still photograph,

the operator will manipulate the push-button switch I. At the next-following instant, the contactor ll bridges the brushes 8! as the shutter momentarily closes. This produces a charge upon the condenser ll, resulting in a surge of voltage becoming impressed upon the grid II. This raises the potential of the grid ll until the break-down voltage between the grid II and the cathode 4| is exceeded, whereupon the trigger tube I44 becomes conducting. This surge of voltage is produced from the battery It by means of a circuit extending from the positive terminal of the battery, through the brushes 8! and the contector it, and the condenser It, to the connected-together grids II and II; thence, through the tube I, to the cathode and from the-cathode 40, through the charging impedance ll, to the negative end of the battery 2|. The condenser It becomes thus charged from the battery II. The grid potential becomes positive during the time the condenser It is charged.

The condenser 28 then discharges through the condenser-discharge circuit comprising the tube i4! and the coil 24. The tube I of the amplifler ll, therefore, sends an actuating impulse, by way of the conductors H, to the coil 24. The resulting surge of current through the coil 24 will produce operation of the normally closed shutter ll of the still camera H at the moment of energization of the grid II. This will result in flashing the lamp unit I! connected to the power unit It and such additional lamp units H as may be connected to flash therewith. The still picture is thus taken at a time when the flashes from the lamp units i1 will not expose the motion-picture him I.

A resistor I4! is connected across the condenser in order to leak of! the charge between 40 operations. The value of the resistance of the resistor I43 is so selected that the condenser II shall be discharged in time for the next operation, but so as not to flash the tube more than once. I

It will be observed that the bridging of the brushes 3! by the contactor II can not, of itself, effect the flashing of the flash-lamp, or the exposure of the object illuminated thereby in the still camera I4; and that the manual closing of the push-button switch alone is equally inefl'ective to produce this result. The mere closing of the push-button switch I alone can not produce the above-described surge of voltage upon the grid II that initiates the discharge of the condenser 20 through the tube I40 0! the amplifler II. If pressing down manually the push-button l were of itself sufllcient to produce a flash of the unit l1 and consequent illumination of the object ll, an exposure might occur in the still camera l4 at a time when the shutter 4 of the motion-picture camera is open. This would be undesirable. The applicant's invention insures that the condenser It shall receive its charge to energize the grid ll of the amplifler It at times only during the operation of the motion-picture camera when the motion-picture camera shutter 4 is closed. The normally closed shutter is of the still camera l4, therefore, can open to xpose the object I3, and the flash-lamp unit I! of the power unit It can illuminate this object it, at times only during the operation of the motion-picture camera when the shutter 4' thereof is closed.

It is now in order more fully to describe the ircuits for energizing the flash-lamps it! o! the reflector units I I. Each flash-lamp I02 is provided with two terminals, constituted of a cathode II and an anode 20 connected. by conductors 40 and ii, to a condenser 29, and a trigger starting or control electrode I00. The condensers 24, like the condenser 28. are shown supplied with energy from a battery 25, through charging impedance 3!.

Each condenser 20 is also connected by the conductors 40 and ii, in parallel with the tube I02, to a bleeder resistor 30, 34, in series with a bleeder resistor 3i. In the circuit of the amplifler i0, as before explained, the grids 50 and II are connected together. Here, however, the resistor 03 is shown connected between the oathode 40 and thegrid 50, and an impedance 95 is connected between the cathode 48 and the grid 00. Referring, first, to the power circuit I6, the circuit associated with, for energizing, the tube I02 is normally ineffective, as the tube I02 is normally non-conducting, but the condenser 26 will discharge through the tube I 02 when the normally inefiective amplifier I becomes effective to close the switch ii.

The trigger tube I40 of the power circuit I6 may be connected to a terminal 53 and a grounded terminal 54, at the ends of the bleeder resistor 33, 34, so as to be supplied with voltage therefrom. The resistors 3|, 33 and 34 are so proportioned that a desired voltage of, say, 300 volts shall appear across the terminals 53 and 84. To the terminals 53 and 54 there are also connected, in series with a condenser 39, a primary winding 36 of a transformer 30, which may be constituted of a well-known spark coil. The secondary winding 29 of the transformer 30 is connected to the anode 20 and the trigger control electrode I00. The switch I5 operates upon the condenser 59 of the power circuit It in a manner similar to the operation of the contactor II and the brushes 32 upon the condenser 59 of the amplifier I0.

In operation, referring to the power circuit I6,

the condenser 26 starts to become charged from the direct-current source 25, the tube I40, as before explained, being non-conductive. At any time after the voltage across the condenser 59 reaches its maximum value, the primary winding 35 of the transformer 30 will become energized in the same way as the coil 24 before described. The resulting high-voltage surge of the secondary winding 29 of the transformer 30 is applied to the trigger electrode I00 of the flash tube I02. This causes the gas in the flash tube to ionize, permitting the condenser 26 to discharge through the flash-lamp between its electrodes, producing avery brilliant flash of short duration. When the condenser 26 is fully discharged, the tube promptly extinguishes and the cycle is ready for repetition.

The connections of the photo-cell units are similar, except that the circuits are tripped by energization of the photo-cells 2| instead of by the switch IS. The flash-lamp I02 of the reflector ll of the power circuit l6 may be tripped by the switch I5 in response to operation of the switch 9, and the flash-lamps I02 of the other units I'I will be tripped by the action of the photo-electric cells 2I' of those other units H in response to the flash of the said one unit, as described in the said application, Serial No. 340,580.

The photocell trip circuit may be traced in the lower right-hand circuit-diagram part of Fig. 2 from the terminal 22 connected to the grid 50,

through an amplifier tube II and the seriesconnected resistors 'I'and II. in parallel, by way of a conductor 02, through a blocking condenser 23 and a leak resistor I, in parallel, to a grounded terminal 43, that is connected to the anode 52. The resistor I is connected between the cathode 64 and the control electrode or grid 68, and the resistor II and the photo-electric cell, in parallel, between the control electrode 68 and the anode 00 of the amplifier 9|. A condenser 21 is connected between the cathode 04 and the anode 60. The amplifier 9| is normally inefl'ective. but the photo-electric cell 2i is able to trip this circuit by reason of its connection between the grid 60 and the anode 00 of the amplifier 9i, in parallel with the resistor I I. When the amplifier 9| becomes thus effective, the condenser 21 is enabled to discharge therethrough, thus rendering eil'ective the normally ineflective circuit of the tube I40, to permit the condenser 28 to discharge through the tube I02.

The control by means of the photo-electric cell 2! is effected at the moment that a flash of light produced by the unit ll of the power circuit It, in response to the operationoi the pushbutton switch 9, strikes the cell 2| This effects a change of potential on the grid 66 of the relay amplifier tube ii. The tube 9i, which is normally non-conducting, becomes thereupon conducting, causing a sudden surge to become impressed upon the grid 00 of the tube I40.

The time taken for the circuit to function from the closing of the switch I! or the operation of the photo-electric cell 2i to the flash of light from the tube I 02 is very brief, The flash duration is a function of the circuit elements and electrical conditions.

This method can be used with any other type of flash lamp as, for instance, the aluminumoxygen flash bulbs. The flash duration of the bulb must be less than .the time the shutter is closed.

Modifications will occur to persons skilled in the art and all such are considered to fall within the spirit and scope of the invention, as delined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. Apparatus of the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a motion-picture-camera shutter for taking motion-pictures of an object at times'dur ing the operation of the camera when the shutter is open, a still camera having a normally closed still-camera shutter, manually controlled means for opening the still-camera shutter, and

means whereby the manually controlled means is effective to open the still-camera shutter at times only during the operation or the motion-picture camera when the motion-picturevcamera shutter s closed.

2. Apparatus of the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a motion-picture-camera shutter for taking motion-pictures of an object at times during the operation of the camera when the shutter, is open, a still camera having a normally closed.

still-camera shutter, manually controlled means for illuminating the object and opening the still camera shutter, and mean whereby the manuallycontrolled means is effective to illuminate the object and open the still-camera shutter at times ing, in combination with a tnotion-pichire can era having a moticn-picture-camera shutter for taking motion-pictures oi an object at times during the operation of the camera when the shutter is open, a still camera having a normally closed still-camera shutter, a flash-lamp, an electric circult to which the flash-lamp is connected, means forcontrollingthecircuittoenergisetheflashlamp in order to illuminate the obiect and for opening the still-camera shutter while the oblect is illuminated, and means whereby the firstnamed means is effective to control the circuit to illuminate the object and open the still-camera shutter at times only during the operation of the motion-picture camera when the motion-picturecamera shutter is closed.

4. Apparatus oi the character described havim, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion-pictures or an object at times during the operation or the camera when the shutter is open, a flash-lamp; an electric circuit to which the flash-lamp is connected, manually controlled means for controlling the circuit to energize the flash-lamp in order to illuminate the object, and means whereby the manually controlled means is eflective to control the circuit at times only during the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed.

5. Apparatus oi the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a motion-picture-camera shutter tor taking motion-pictures oi an object at times during the operation or the camera when the shutter is open, a still camera having a normally closed still-camera shutter, a flash-lamp, an electric circuit to which the flash-lamp is connected. manually controlled means for controlling the circuit to energize the flash-lamp in order to illuminate the object and for opening the stillcamera shutter while the object is illuminated. and means whereby the manually controlled means is eiiective to control the circuit to illuminate the object and open the still-camera shutter at times only during the operation of the motion-picture camera when the motion-picturecamera shutter is closed.

6. Apparatus oi the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion-mctures 0! an object at times during the operation or the camera when the shutter is open, a plurality of flash-lamps, means for flashing one of the flashiamps to illuminate the object, means whereby the flashing means is eflective to flash the said one lamp at a time only during the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed, means responsive to the flash produced by the said one flash-lamp for flashing another flash-lamp during the time of flash oi the said one flash-lamp. and means operable in response to the operation 01' the camera when the shutter is closed and when the flash-lamps are flashing for taking a still picture of the object.

7. Apparatus oi the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having an aperture and a motion picturecamera shutter normally closing the aperture for taking motion-pictures of an object at times during the operation 0! the camera when the shutter is open, a still camera having an aperture smaller than the aperture of the motion-picture camera and a still-camera shutter normally closing the aperture of the still camera, a flash-lamp, an

electric circuit to which the flash-lamp is connected, means ior controlling the circuit to energise the flash-lamp in order to illuminate the object and for opening the sti1l-camera shutter while the object is illuminated, and means whereby the first-named means is eflective to control the circuit to illuminate the object and open the still-camera shutter at times only during the operation or the motion-picture camera when the motion-picture-camera shutter is closed.

8. Apparatus of the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a motion-picture-camera shutter ior taking motion-pictures of an object at times during the operation or the camera when the shutter is open, a still camera having a normally closed still-camera shutter, a plurality of flash-lamps, a plurality of electric circuits to whichthe respective flash-lamps are respectively connected. means for controlling one 0! the circuits to energize the flash-lamp connected thereto to produce a flash, means whereby the controlling means is effective to energize the flash-lamp connected to the said one circuit at a time only during the operation of the motion-picture camera when the motion-picture-camera shutter is closed, a normally ineflective amplifler, photosensitive means responsive to the light of the .flash produced by the said one flash-lamp ior rendering the ampiifler eflective, means connect ing the amplifier with another circuit for controlling such other circuit to energize the flashlam connected thereto to produce a flash during the time of flash of the flash-lamp connected to the said one circuit, and means operable in response to the operation of the motion-picture camera when the motion-picture-carnera shutter is closed and when the said flash-lamps are flashing for opening the still-camera shutter.

9. Apparatus oi the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion-pictures 0! an object at times during the operation of the camera when the shutter is open, a flash-lamp. an electric circuit to which the flash-lamp is connected, means for controlling the circuit to energize the flash-lamp in order to illuminate the object, means whereby the controlling means is eflective to energize the flash-lamp at a time only during the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed, and means operable in response to the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed and when the flash-lamp is flashing for taking a still picture of the object.

10. Apparatus oi the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera 'having a shutter for taking motion-pictures 01' an object at times during the operation of the camera when the shutter is open, a flash-lamp, means for flashing the flash-lamp to illuminate the object, means whereby the flashing means 3 is eflective to flash the flash-lamp at a time only during the operation oi the camera when the shutter is closed, and means operable in response to the operation oi the camera when the shutter is closed and when the flash-lamp is flashing for taking a still picture Of the object.

11; Apparatus oi the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion-pictures of an object at times during the operation of the I camera when .the shutter is open, means normally ineflective during the operation oi the camera and operative when effective to make an exposure of the object, means controlled manually (or rendering the exposure-manna means eflective during the operation of the camera, and means whereby the manuallycontrolled means may render the exposure-making means eflective at times only during the operation or the camera when the shutter is closed.

12. Apparatus oi the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion-pictures of an object at times when the shutter is open,

means normally ineffective during the operation of the camera and operative when effective to illuminate the object and make an exposure of the illuminated object, manually-controlled means for rendering the illuminating-and-exposuremaking means effective during the operation of the camera, and means whereby the manuallycontrolled means may render the illuminatingand-exposure-making means eflective at times only during the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed. 7 a

13. Apparatus of the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion-pictures of an object at times during the operation of the camera when the shutter is open, a flash-lamp, an electric circuit to which the flash-lamp is connected, means normally ineflective during the operation of the camera and operative when eftective to control the circuit to energize the flashlamp in order to illuminate the object and to make an exposure oi the illuminated object during the operation of the camera, means for rendering the energizing-and-exposure-making means efl'ective, and means whereby the rendering means may render the energizing-and-exposure-making means eflective'at times only during the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed.

14. Apparatus of the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion-pictures of an object at times during the operation of the camera when the shutter is open, a plurality of flash-lamps, means for flashing one of the flashlamps to illuminate the object, means whereby the flashing means is eilective to flash the said one flash-lamp at a time only during the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed, means responsive to the flash produced by the said one flash-lamp for flashing another flashlamp, and means operablein response to the'operation of the camera when the shutter is closed and when the flash-lamps are flashing ior making an exposure of the object.

15. Apparatus of the character described having in combination with a motion-picture camera having a motion-picture-camera shutter for taking motion-pictures of an object at times during the operation 01' the camera when the shutter is open, a still camera having a, normally closed still-camera shutter, means for opening the still-camera shutter, and means whereby the opening means is eflective to open the still-camera shutter at times only during the operation 01 the motion-picture camera when the motion-pic-' ture-camera shutter is closed.

16. Apparatus or the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture cam era having a motion-picture-camera shutter for taking motion-pictures of an object at times during the operation of the camera when the shutter is open, a still camera having a normally closed still-camera shutter, means tor illuminating the object and opening the still-camera shutter, and

means whereby the iliuminatinlI-and-opening means is eirective to illuminate the object and open the still-camera shutter at times only during the operation or the motion-picture camera when the motion-picture-camera shutter is closed.

17. Apparatus o! the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion pictures oi an object at times during the operation or the camera when the shutter is open, normally ineffective means for taking a still picture or the object, meanstor rendering the still-picture-taking means effective, and means whereby the stillpicture-taking means may be rendered effective at times only during the operation of the motionpicture camera when the shutter is closed.

18. Apparatus or the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion pictures or an object at times during the operation of the camera when the shutter is open, means for illuminating the object, means whereby the illuminating means is effective at times only during the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed, and means operable in response to the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed and while the object is illuminated for taking a still picture 01' the object.

19. Apparatus of the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera for making motion-picture exposures of an object, means for illuminating the object, means whereby the illuminating means is effective at times only during the operation of the camera when the object is not being exposed in the camera, and means operable in response to the operation of the camera during the said times and while the object is illuminated for taking a still picture of the object.

20. A method or taking still pictures of an ob- Ject without interrupting the continuous operationof a motion-picture camera that is rapidly operated continuously toexpose the object rapidly in the camera during briefly separated brie! intervals of time, the method comprising, while the camera is rapidly operating continuously, illuminating the object during a brief interval of time between the said briefly separated brief intervals of time, and taking a still picture of the object during the said briei' interval of time and while the object is illuminated.

21. A method of taking still pictures of an object without interrupting the continuous operation or a motion-picture camera having a shutter that is rapidly opened and closed continuously for successive brief intervals of time to expose the object rapidly in the camera during the briefly separated brief intervals of time when the shutter is open, the method comprising, while the shutter is rapidly opening and closing continuously, illuminating the object during a brief interval of time between the said briefly separated briei' intervals of time, when the shutter is closed, and taking a still picture of the object during the said brief interval of time and while the object is illuminated.

22. Apparatus of the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera having a shutter for taking motion-pictures or an object at times during the operation of the camera when the shutter is open, means normally ineflective during the operation of the camera and operable when eflective to illuminate the object, means controlled manually for rendering the illuminating means eiiective during the operation 0! the camera, and means whereby the manually controlled means may render the illuminating means eflective to illuminate the object at times only during the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed.

23. Apparatus oi the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture cam-' camera when the shutter is open, means for 11- luminating the object, means whereby the illuminating means is eiiective at times only during the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed, and manuall controlled means operable in response to the operation of the camera when the shutter is closed and while the obiect is illuminated for taking a still picture oi the object.

25. Apparatus oi the character described having, in combination with a motion-picture camera tor making motion-picture exposures of an object, means ior illuminating the object, means whereby the illuminating means is eiiective at times only during the operation or the camera when the object is not being exposed in the camera, and manually controlled means operable in response to the operation of the camera during the said times and while the object is illuminated for taking a still picture of the object.

HAROLD E. IDGER'I'ON. 

